The national monument consists of the ruins of multiple structures surrounded by a compound wall constructed by the ancient people of the Hohokam period, who farmed the Gila Valley in the early 13th century. "Casa Grande" is Spanish for "big house." This name refers to the largest structure on the site, which is what remains of a four story structure that may have been abandoned by the mid-15th century. The structure is made of caliche, and has managed to survive the extreme weather conditions for about seven centuries.
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